Acknowledgements and References

Acknowledgements

The planning and implementation of the ESPAD 2015 project has been a collaborative effort between the coordination and all the research teams in each participating country. The importance of the ESPAD researchers and their supporting research groups and institutions cannot be overestimated. Since the project cannot provide funding for the data collection in participating countries, it relies on the ability of each principal investigator and ESPAD contact person to raise that money.

Much of the coordination has been supported by the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. Its grant has covered costs for holding international meetings, constructing the international 2015 database and producing this report. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in Lisbon has co-funded data collection in Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine through the ENP first technical cooperation project (ENPI/2013/325-486), and has covered costs for some of the ESPAD meetings and coordination. Furthermore, the EMCDDA has provided editing, design and ensure the production of this report and the updating and hosting of the ESPAD website. The persons at the EMCDDA involved with ESPAD are Paul Griffiths, João Matias, André Noor, Sandrine Sleiman, Rosemary Martin de Sousa and Julian Vicente.

The Pompidou Group at the Council of Europe has supported the project ever since the first project meeting in 1994. In particular, the support of the Pompidou Group has enabled some researchers from eastern and central parts of Europe to participate in meetings. Special thanks are due to Florence Mabileau and Jan Malinowski at the Pompidou Group for their much-appreciated assistance and support.

A Coordination Committee, consisting of Ludwig Kraus (Germany), Håkan Leifman (Sweden) and Julian Vicente (EMCDDA), coordinated the project in the transition period from 2015 to 2016. A Steering Committee, appointed by the ESPAD researchers at project meetings, worked together with the Coordination Committee. All important decisions relating to the planning of ESPAD meetings and the 2015 study have been taken jointly with the Steering Committee. Together with the three members of the Coordination Committee, the Steering Committee consists of Sharon Arpa (Malta), Sabrina Molinaro (Italy), Karin Monshouwer (the Netherlands) and Marcis Trapencieris (Latvia).

The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN) was responsible for collecting country reports and datasets and for constructing the 2015 international database. CAN also produced result tables and texts for the full online version of the ESPAD Report 2015. The persons at CAN involved are Anna Englund, Ulf Guttormsson, Håkan Leifman, Jonas Raninen (statistical tests) and Johan Svensson.

Ludwig Kraus, Nicki-Nils Seitz and Daniela Piontek from the IFT Institut für Therapieforschung drafted the print version of the report, with financial support from the Swedish government.

In addition to the results of the ESPAD 2015 survey, the report also includes data from the ‘Monitoring the future’ project in the United States and from the Spanish national school survey, kindly provided by Lloyd Johnston (US) and Begoña Brime Beteta (Spain), respectively.

Each country was represented in the project by a principal investigator or an ESPAD contact person, who is a contributing author of this report (see title page). In addition, a number of other persons have carried out important work in the context of the 2015 ESPAD study. The main persons from the national research teams in the 35 countries participating in the 2015 data collection are listed on the following pages, followed by a list of important funding agencies and supportive organisations.

Collaborating persons

Below are listed, for each of the 35 countries participating in the 2015 data collection, the most important persons involved, beginning with the principal investigator (PI).

Albania

Ervin Toçi (PI); Arjan Bregu; Genc Burazeri; Enver Roshi; Eduard Kakarriqi; Gentiana Qirjako

Austria

Julian Strizek (PI); Alfred Uhl; Andrea Kadlik

Belgium (Flanders)

Patrick Lambrecht (PI); Caroline Andries; Christiane Janssens; Brigitte Bronselaer; Peter Van Rossem; Martin Verstegen; Katleen De Bont; Lieve Van Gompel; Esra Hortens; Michel Vermeersch; Elisabeth Cuypers; Vicky Reynaerts; Isabelle Rojaz; Roxanne Vega Fernandez; Thais Distelmans; Sarah Leysen

Bulgaria

Anina Chileva (PI); Momtchil Vassilev; Plamen Dimitov; Sophia Kandilarova-Georgieva; Ralitsa Bardarova

Croatia

Iva Pejnović Franelić (PI); Martina Markelić; Ljiljana Muslić; Irena Rojnić Palavra; Sanja Musić Milanović; Ivana Pavić Šimetin; Mario Hemen; Dijana Mayer; Marina Kuzman

Cyprus

Kyriakos Veresies (PI); Andreas Pavlakis; Byron Gaist; D. Mappouras; S. Ioannou; N. Georgiades

Czech Republic

Ladislav Csémy (PI); Pavla Chomynová; Viktor Mravčík; Jiří Nepala

Denmark

Mette Vinther Skriver (PI); Kim Moesgaard Iburg

Estonia

Sigrid Vorobjov (PI).

Faroes

Pál Weihe (PI); Ólavur Jøkladal

Finland

Kirsimarja Raitasalo (PI); Petri Huhtanen

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Silvana Oncheva (PI); Elena Kosevska

France

Stanislas Spilka (PI); Carine Mutatayi; François Beck; Olivier Le- Nézet

Georgia

Lela Sturua (PI); Sophiko Alavidze; Lela Kvachantiradze; Levan Baramidze

Greece

Anna Kokkevi (PI); Anastasios Fotiou; Clive Richardson; Eleftheria Kanavou; Myrto Stavrou

Hungary

Zsuzsanna Elekes (PI); Tamás Domokos; Eszter Szilágyi; Zita Szűcsné Kovács; Tamás Kosztolnyik

Iceland

Ársæll Már Arnarsson (PI); Thoroddur Bjarnason

Ireland

Luke Clancy (PI); Kate Babineau; Sheila Keogan; Hannah Murphy; Mark Morgan; Keishia Taylor; Ellen Whelan

Italy

Sabrina Molinaro (PI); Valeria Siciliano; Loredana Fortunato; Cristina Doveri; Stefanella Pardini; Rita Taccini; Chiara Sbrana; Lucia Fortunato; Silvia Gazzetti; Antonella Pardini; Gabriele Trivellini; Arianna Cutilli; Lorena Mezzasalma; Elisa Benedetti; Francesca Denoth; Rodolfo Cotichini; Marco Scalese; Luca Bastiani

Latvia

Mārcis Trapencieris (PI); Ansis Petersons; Sigita Snikere; Jelena Vrublevska; Ildze Abele; Silga Priekule; Eva Mezaraupe

Liechtenstein

Esther Kocsis (PI); Jennifer Rheinberger

Lithuania

Liudmila Rupšienė (CP); Tadas Tamošiūnas; Irena Šutinienė; Aelita Skarbalienė; Algimantas Šimaitis; Regina Saveljeva

Malta

Sharon Arpa (PI); Sandra Cortis; Stephen Spiteri; Carmen Dimech; Lawrence Bonello; Antoine Saliba; Christiana Bajada; Daniela Bugeja; Isabelle Anastasi; Ruth Stivala

Moldova

Mihai Ciocanu (PI); Igor Condrat; Oleg Barba; Valeriu Plesca

Monaco

Stanislas Spilka (PI); Julie Marty; Olivier Le-Nézet

Montenegro

Tatijana Đurišić (PI); Džona Džeksona bb; Boban Mugosa; Ljiljana Golubovic; Biljana Popovic

Netherlands

Karin Monshouwer (PI); Saskia van Dorsselaer; Marlous Tuithof; Jacqueline Verdurmen

Norway

Elin K Bye (PI); Astrid Skretting

Poland

Janusz Sierosławski (PI); Katarzyna Dąbrowska; Łukasz Wieczorek

Portugal

Fernanda Feijão (PI); Rui Lima; Nuno Rodrigues

Romania

Silvia Florescu (PI); Sorin Oprea; Ruxanda Iliescu; Milica Georgescu; Catalina Chendea; Liliana Preoteasa; Constanta Mihaescu Pintia

Slovakia

Alojz Nociar (PI); Alena Kopányiová; Ján Luha; Jana Hamade; Mária Slovíková

Slovenia

Tanja Urdih Lazar (PI); Eva Stergar; Metoda Dodič Fikfak; Maja Zupe

Sweden

Håkan Leifman (PI); Anna Englund; Isabella Gripe; Ulf Guttormsson; Siri Thor

Ukraine

Olga Balakireva (PI); Tatyana Bondar; Dmitro Dmitruk; Lidia Romanovska; Iuliia Pryimak

Funding agencies and supportive organisations

Below are listed, for each of the 35 countries participating in the 2015 data collection, the most important organisations and funding agencies involved.

Albania

Institute of Public Health; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Education and Sport

Austria

Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (BMG); Bundesministerium für Bildung und Frauen (BMBF)

Belgium (Flanders)

Department of Clinical and Lifespan Psychology (KLEP — VUB); Ministry of Welfare, Public Health and Family of the Government of Flanders; Research Council of the Free University of Brussels

Bulgaria

National Centre for Public Health and Analyses (NCPHA); National Centre for Drug Addictions (NCDA); Ministry of Education and Science (MoES)

Croatia

Croatian Institute of Public Health (CIPH); Ministry of Health; Ministry of Science, Education and Sports

Cyprus

Kenthea; Ministry of Education and Culture; CMCDDA; Cyprus Anti‑drugs Council

Czech Republic

Czech National Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction; National Institute of Mental Health; Office of the Government of the Czech Republic

Denmark

Department of Public Health, Aarhus University; Danish Health Authority

Estonia

National Institute for Health Development

Faroes

Ministry of Education, Research and Culture; Faroese Board of Public Health

Finland

National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

National Institute of Public Health and Centres for Public Health in Skopje; Tetovo; Kumanovo; Stip; Veles; Prilep; Bitola; Ohrid; Strumica and Kocani; Kontakt non-governmental organisation; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Education and Science

France

French Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addictions (OFDT); Ministry of Education; Ministry of Agriculture; French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm)

Georgia

National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC); Ministry of Education and Science; European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), EMCDDA-ENP technical cooperation project (ENPI/2013/325-486) funding

Greece

Greek Organisation Against Drugs (OKANA); OKANA/local authority drug prevention centres; Ministry of Education

Hungary

OTKA K111740 (Hungarian Scientific Research Fund); Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma (Ministry of Human Resources); Corvinus University of Budapest, Institute of Sociology and Social Policy; ECHO Survey Sociological Research Institute

Iceland

Icelandic Directorate of Health; University of Akureyri

Ireland

Department of Health; TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland; Focas Research Institute; DIT Dublin; Seefin DM; Kerry

Italy

National Research Council (CNR), Unit of Epidemiology and Health Service Research of the Institute of Clinical Physiology

Latvia

Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

Liechtenstein

School Board

Lithuania

Lithuanian Ministry of Education and Science; Qualifications and Vocational Education and Training Development Centre; Klaipėda University

Malta

Aġenzija Sedqa (National Agency against Drug and Alcohol Abuse and Compulsive Gambling), Foundation for Social Welfare Services; Directorate for Educational Services (DES). Student Services Department, Education Psycho-Social Services; Anti-Substance Abuse Service within the Education Psycho-Social Services; Directorate for Education, Secretariat for Catholic Education, Archdioceses of Malta; ISA-Independent Schools Association and the participating independent schools

Moldova

Ministry of Education of Republic of Moldova; European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), EMCDDA-ENP technical cooperation project (ENPI/2013/325-486) funding

Monaco

French Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT); Monaco Statistics (Monegasque Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies — IMSEE); Department of Education, Youth and Sport of Monaco (DENJS)

Montenegro

Institute of Public Health of Montenegro; Ministry of Education of Montenegro; Ministry of Health of Montenegro

Netherlands

Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport; Regional Health Services; Trimbos-instituut

Norway

Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research (SIRUS)

Poland

National Bureau for Drug Prevention (KBPN); State Agency for the Prevention of Alcohol-Related Problems (PARPA); Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (IPiN)

Portugal

General-Directorate for Intervention on Addictive Behaviours and Dependencies (SICAD), Ministry of Health; Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência and Direçao-Geral da Educação, Ministry of Education

Romania

National Anti-drug Agency; Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research; National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development

Slovakia

Research Institute for Child Psychology and Pathopsychology; St. Elizabeth University of Health and Social Sciences; Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic; Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information; National Monitoring Centre for Drugs

Slovenia

University Medical Centre Ljubljana; Clinical Institute of Occupational, Traffic and Sports Medicine; Ministry of Education, Science and Sport

Sweden

Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs; Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN)

Ukraine

Ukrainian Institute for Social Research after Olexander Yaremenko (UISR); Institute for Economics and Forecasting National Academy of Science of Ukraine (IEP NASU); Social Monitoring Centre (SMC); Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine; European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), EMCDDA-ENP technical cooperation project (ENPI/2013/325-486) funding; United Nations Children’s Fund (Unicef) in Ukraine

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Tables

Table 1. Overview of countries participating in ESPAD. 1995-2015
Table 2. Sampling characteristics of ESPAD 2015
Table 3a. Perceived availability of substances: prevalence of students responding substance ‘fairly easy’ or ‘very easy’ to obtain (percentage)
Table 3b. Perceived availability of substances: prevalence of students responding substance ‘fairly easy’ or ‘very easy’ to obtain (percentage) 32
Table 4a. Early onset of substance use: prevalence of students experiencing substance use (cigarettes, daily smoking, alcohol, intoxication) at the age of 13 or younger (percentage)
Table 4b. Early onset of substance use: prevalence of students experiencing substance use(cannabis, ecstasy, amphetamine/methamphetamine, cocaine/crack) at the age of 13 or younger (percentage)
Table 5. Cigarette use: prevalence of lifetime and 30-day use (percentage)
Table 6. Alcohol use: prevalence of lifetime use, 30-day use and intoxication (percentage)
Table 7a. Illicit drug use: lifetime prevalence of the use of any drug, cannabis, ecstasy, amphetamine and methamphetamine (percentage)
Table 7b. Illicit drug use: lifetime prevalence of the use of cocaine, crack, LSD or other hallucinogens, heroin and GHB (percentage)
Table 8. Inhalants and new psychoactive substances (NPS): prevalence of lifetime use (percentage)
Table 9. Pharmaceuticals: lifetime prevalence of the use of painkillers to get high, tranquillisers or sedatives without prescription and anabolic steroids (percentage)
Table 10. Prevalence of lifetime use of substance B conditional on the lifetime use of substance A (percentage) and number of users of substance A (n)
Table 11a. Average number of days on the internet (mean number of days) and prevalence of internet activities on 4 or more days in the last 7 days (percentage)
Table 11b. Prevalence of internet activities on 4 or more days in the last 7 days by gender (percentage)
Table 12. Gambling for money: prevalence in the last 12 months (percentage)
Table 13. Overview of ESPAD surveys conducted between 1995 and 2015 by country: sample size and participation rate
Table 14. ESPAD average for selected indicators based on 25 countries: 1995-2015

Figures

Figure 1a. Daily cigarette use: prevalence in the last 30 days (percentage)
Figure 1b. Daily cigarette use: prevalence in the last 30 days by gender (percentage)
Figure 2a. Frequency of alcohol intake in the last 30 days (mean number of occasions among users)
Figure 2b. Frequency of alcohol intake in the last 30 days by gender (mean number of occasions among users)
Figure 3a. Average alcohol intake on the last drinking day in centilitres of ethanol among users
Figure 3b. Average alcohol intake on the last drinking day in centilitres of ethanol among users by gender
Figure 4a. Preferences of alcoholic beverages on the last drinking day; proportion of alcohol volume in centilitres of ethanol for each beverage on total consumption
Figure 4b. Preferences of alcoholic beverages on the last drinking day by gender; proportion of alcohol volume in centilitres of ethanol for each beverage on total consumption
Figure 5a. Prevalence of five or more drinks at least once in the last 30 days; one drink contains approximately 2 centilitres of ethanol (percentage)
Figure 5b. Prevalence of five or more drinks at least once in the last 30 days by gender; one drink contains approximately 2 centilitres of ethanol (percentage)
Figure 6a. Prevalence of cannabis use in the last 30 days (percentage)
Figure 6b. Prevalence of cannabis use in the last 30 days by gender (percentage)
Figure 7a. Frequency of cannabis use in the last 12 months (mean number of occasions among users)
Figure 7b. Frequency of cannabis use in the last 12 months by gender (mean number of occasions among users)
Figure 8a. Prevalence of inhalant use in the last 30 days (percentage)
Figure 8b. Prevalence of inhalant use in the last 30 days by gender (percentage)
Figure 9a. Prevalence of new psychoactive substance use in the last 12 months (percentage)
Figure 9b. Prevalence of new psychoactive substance use in the last 12 months by gender (percentage)
Figure 10. Countries included in the 25-country average (marked in blue)
Figure 11. Perceived availability of cannabis by gender; students responding cannabis ‘fairly easy’ or ‘very easy’ to obtain: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 12. Daily cigarette use at the age of 13 or younger by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 13. Cannabis use at the age of 13 or younger by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 14. Lifetime use of cigarettes by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 15. Cigarette use in the last 30 days by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 16. Daily cigarette use by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 17. Lifetime alcohol use by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 18. Alcohol use in the last 30 days by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 19. Heavy episodic drinking (five or more drinks on one occasion) during the last 30 days by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 20. Lifetime use of illicit drugs by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 21. Lifetime use of cannabis by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 22. Cannabis use in the last 30 days by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 23. Lifetime use of illicit drugs other than cannabis by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 24. Lifetime use of inhalants by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 25. Lifetime use of tranquillisers or sedatives without a doctor’s prescription by gender: 25-country trend 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 26. Lifetime use of cigarettes by country: 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 27. Lifetime alcohol use of alcohol by country: 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 28. Lifetime use of cannabis by country: 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 29. Lifetime use of inhalants by country: 1995-2015 (percentage)
Figure 30. Lifetime use of tranquillisers or sedatives without a doctor’s prescription by country: 1995-2015 (percentage)